Charles Dickens Use of Sacrifice in A Tale of Two Cities...

The French Revolution was a movement from 1789 to 1799 that brought an end to the monarchy, including many lives. Although A Tale of Two Cities was published in 1859, it was set before and during the French Revolution and had over 200 million copies sold. The author, Charles Dickens, is known for being an excellent writer and displays several themes in his writings. Sacrifice is an offering of an animal or human life or material possession to another person. Dickens develops the theme of sacrifice throughout the story by the events that occurred involving Dr. Manette, Mr. Defarge, and Sydney Carton. Sacrificing yourself for another person shows how courageous and good-hearted a person must be, and Dr. Manette did just that when he risked†¦show more content†¦Listing his name and profession would also help because Dr. Manette is a reputable doctor in France and has a high reputation there. Dr. Manette was sacrificing his name to try to save Darnay and get him released by persuading the people that Darnay is not in the wrong. Since Lucie had helped her father so much and helped him grow throughout his life, Dr. Manette thought he would try to repay her by getting her husband released from prison to ensure Lucie’s happiness. Mr. Ernest Defarge was a man who loved his wife, Madame Defarge, but also loved and had much respect for the Manette family and would sacrifice almost anything for them. Mr. Defarge said to Madame Defarge, â€Å"Extermination is a good doctrine, my wife, in general, I say nothing against it. But this doctor has suffered much†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (263). In this passage, Mr. Defarge was sacrificing his marriage by arguing that Dr. Manette has suffered much pain and does not deserve to be exterminated. This shows Mr. Defarge is trying to reason with Madame Defarge and he cares enough for Doctor to not hurt him any worse. Dr. Manette has had many struggles in his life which include him being imprisoned for 18 years, losing his wife, losing his job as a doctor, and having to be kept in secret most of his lifetime. Madame Defarge wants to exterminate their entire family, not only Darnay, becauseShow MoreRelatedChristianity in a Tale of Two Cities Essay1701 Words   |  7 PagesChristian Value R einforcement in A Tale of Two Cities In this essay, I will argue that one of the underlying motives in Charles Dickens novel A Tale of Two Cities (1859) is the reinforcement of Christian values in 18th century Victorian England. Dickens was very concerned with the accepted social norms of industrialized England, many of which he felt were very inhumane. Christian values were challenged, largely due to the recent publication of Darwins Origins of a Species, and philosophyRead MoreA Tale Of Two Cities And The French Revolution1006 Words   |  5 PagesA Tale of Two Cities was a story about sacrifice and revenge before and during revolutionary France. Charles Dickens thought that if things did not change, then a violent revolution in England, similar to the French Revolution, was possible or in the future. In â€Å"A Tale of Two Cities†, Charles Dickens symbolizes the discord that the English and the French faced as he tears apart the two systems of their society. Charles Dickens, a brilliant author back in the 1850’s, wrote â€Å"A Tale of Two Cities†Read MoreSacrifice for Love in a Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens968 Words   |  4 Pageslower class overthrew the aristocracy. A Tale of Two Cities written by Charles Dickens in 1859 occurs during the French Revolution. 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In The Scarlet Letter, the heroine, Hester Prynne conceivedRead MoreLucies Loving Ways in Charles Dickens ´A Tale of Two Cities Essay691 Words   |  3 Pagesgirl dedicates her life to spreading love, even when she must sacrifice a large amount of her time. This woman is Lucie Manette. In the novel A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens uses the character of Lucie Manette to prove that love and sacrifice can impact one’s life. From the beginning of the novel, Lucie is willing to make sacrifices to take care of her family and keep the bond between them strong. Lucie’s first life-altering sacrifice begins when she realizes that her father, thought to be deadRead MoreA Tale of Two Cities Book Report1459 Words   |  6 Pages Sacrifice, even when it comes to one’s ultimate end, is crucial in order to survive as a productive race. In the book Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens, he illustrates the hardships of the early-nineteenth-century lifestyles. With the resurrection of an evicted man, the novel sprouts from a broken family recovering and growing. This novel incorporates many grand gestures and adventures, such as the French Revolution, treason trials, and the sacrifice of one’s own life in the name of love. Read More Foreshadowing in A Tale of Two Cities Essay689 Words   |  3 Pages Foreshadowing in A Tale of Two Cities nbsp; How does diabolically spilt blood and mysterious footsteps become important in a historical fiction novel? What makes these murder-mystery traits relevant? Charles Dickens, author of A Tale of Two Cities, creatively foreshadows future events using suspenseful topics: A forbidden declaration of love, a tragically beautiful sunset streaked with crimson, echoing footsteps of a past that will not be forgotten, and wine stained streets soon toRead MoreDuring the French Revolution, A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens948 Words   |  4 PagesA Tale of two cities is a compelling tale written by Charles Dickens. The tale takes place in London and Paris. Main characters Dr. Manette, Lucie Manette, Charles Darnay, Sydney Carton, and the Defarges are chronicled before the French Revolution and when the revolution begins throughout France. The author Charles Dickens explores the economic disparity between rich and poor within in the two cities and topics during enlightenment such as rev olution in political thinking. In addition to establishingRead MoreA Tale Of Two Cities By Charles Dickens1363 Words   |  6 PagesTale of Two Cities A Tale of Two Cities is a 19th century novel that conveys the terror of the French Revolution through the story of the Manette and Darnay family. Charles Dickens intertwined characters throughout the novel to convey the equivocal viewpoint of the citizens throughout England. The ambiguous characters of Charles Darnay, Madame Defarge, and Mr. Carton, work to show both the innocence and savagery of the revolution. Charles Darnay spent the early years of his life as nobilityRead More Resurrection and Rebirth in A Tale of Two Cities Essay examples1392 Words   |  6 PagesA Tale of Two Cities By Charles Dickens The idea of resurrection and rebirth pervades in this novel. How does Dickens use this theme? Do these themes of resurrection and self sacrifice and the setting of the French Revolution have anything to do with one another? Why is this the time and place of the novel? Brief Historical Background The novel, A Tale of Two Cities, takes place during the onset of the French Revolution, which shook the Western world with its violence and new ideas on freedom

Environmental Issues Of Obesity And Obesity - 1022 Words

Environmental issues Abstract Obesity is a medical condition in which the person has excess body fat. Obesity affects over one-third people around the world; this includes children under the age of five. Obesity can be defined by body mass index or BMI. The BMI is the percentage body fat and total body fat. A BMI in the range of 18.5 – 24.9 is considered a healthy weight. A BMI that is above 25.0 – 29.9 is considered overweight. A BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese. Children’s healthy weight varies on age and sex. It is not an absolute number. Obesity causes many deaths every year. In the United States it is estimated that over 300,000 people die every year. In Europe over one million deaths every year. It also accounts for many obesity-related conditions including heart disease, diabetes, stroke, some cancers and many other conditions. Obesity does affect some groups more than others like middle age adults and blacks. Obesity occurs over time from eating more calories than you use. Gene tics also play a role in obesity, with the help of environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes that controls appetite and metabolism are predispose to obesity. Children are predisposing to obesity if the parents are. Family influences can cause obesity. How the family is cooking to buying fresh or processed foods. A person’s work schedule can cause obesity. An erratic work times completely interrupts cycles of activities. People remain awake the whole night and then theyShow MoreRelatedIs Obesity Predominantly An Individual Problem?. The Rate1089 Words   |  5 PagesIs obesity predominantly an individual problem? The rate of obesity is increasing globally and is a serious public health issue. It no longer only affects developed countries but is also having implications on developing countries. Often the focus is placed on individual choices and behaviours, this does not take into account the research and evidence that clearly shows that obesity is a multifaceted issue. To improve the level of obesity the broader determinants needs consideration. This essayRead MoreThe Nonmarket Environment of McDonald’s830 Words   |  3 Pages(Selcke, 2012). Issues Obesity is probably the most significant issue facing the McDonald’s Company today. The corporation has been severally blamed for the menace due to its wide range of junk foods. As the world’s largest fast food company, it has become a target of most health related films such as Super Size Me. This is because the public blames the company for failing to give nutritional information concerning the items on its menu (Baron, 2010). The other controversial issue mentioned in theRead MoreChildhood Obesity : Obesity And Obesity1505 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Obesity Introduction Childhood Obesity has become more critical public health issue worldwide. However, obesity ratio varies from country to country. In addition, up to a quarter of Australian children are suffering from childhood obesity and obese children are at higher risk to become obese adult. For this reason, child’s weight always matters because it can impact on their health in future. There may be many reasons which affect childhood obesity including sedentary life style, lack ofRead MoreFactors Contributing Factors That Causes Obesity Among Children Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood obesity is a major health issue that takes place when a child is beyond the average weight for his or her age and height (Mayo Clinic, 2014). 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The approach taken by the media when presenting information on health can have a major impact on how the public understands health. It is, therefor e, important to examine how theRead MoreChildhood Obesity Essay1582 Words   |  7 PagesPrevalence of Obesity in Montgomery County Maryland Child obesity have been increased in recent years in Montgomery county of Maryland. According to Montgomery County Health Alliance â€Å"23.5% of children (ages 6–17 years of age) are at-risk for obesity (BMI-for-age percentile of 85 or higher)† (Maryland Nutrition and Physical Activity Plan, 2016). Obesity in children have a great impact on physical and psychological health effects. Overweight children are prone to obesity even in adulthood, leadingRead MoreChildhood Obesity Essay examples1472 Words   |  6 Pageschildhood obesity was rarely a topic of conversation. A survey done in the early 1970s showed that 6.1% of children between the ages 12 and 19 were overweight. 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Crying of Lot Free Essays

Oedipal runs Into people with multiple names and identities, or who are actor sort compulsive role-players. (She herself gets the name tag â€Å"Arnold Snare† stuck on her. ) Later, the men around her start dissolving or disappearing In even more drastic ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Crying of Lot or any similar topic only for you Order Now Obviously, this sense of psychic variability Is a result of Ponchos method characterization, which gives surface traits rather than psychological depth; still, its good to remember that Hollywood Is not far away. But suppose Hollywood is the world? And suppose Poncho is presenting us with a world without stable selves or identities? Write in any way that interests you about a few of these characters and the consequences for Oedipal of her encounters with them. -Oedipal herself- plays many roles, beginning we see her as a housewife, later as a student, even as a granddaughter -â€Å"Banal life at the beginning of the novel (Departure, fondue, kirsch, mixing drinks transcendence to protagonist on top of conspiracy, Like James bond with affair. Remember at the beginning when she talks about all the roles she could play. -gets lost and pretends to be a tourist/stockholder (56) ;As granddaughter talking to Mr.. Tooth (61) -Voyeur Listener and detective (85) -Pierce- many roles -Did Press- lawyer to actor to lawyer -Metzger- from child star movie/actor to lawyer -Much- car salesman to DC to molester/non-law-abider -Driblet- (peg 51) -A cross or the Initial T? Could be either in the wells Fargo Inc ident (60) -Motherly when meeting Genesis Cohen (64) -Arnold Snare (75) -NAZI salesman- Zap books Buchwald Ramp: Dry. Hilarious; Oedipal turned into her normal conscious self for a little while, tells police her name (95) -Eyewitness (much interviewed her) and Edna moss (peg 97) E) Paranoia and Reading: How does the experience of reading The Crying of Lot 49 resemble Oedipal way of making meaning? -â€Å"I want to see if there’s a connection. Im curious† at the play before Driblet (page -â€Å"Why is everybody so Interested in texts? † Poncho, via Driblet, speaks to the reader: â€Å"You guys, you’re Like the Puritans about the Bible. So hung up with rods, words. 16 This Is not a warning to the reader and Oedipal against Interpretation. Instead, It Is a warning to the reader and Oedipal of the addictive nature of their respective searches. Alpha’s search Tort ten Orlando version of ‘The Courier’s Tragedy’, which is obstructed by her inability to separate her play from its author, editor or producer, is an exaggerated metaphor of the r traderâ⠂¬â„¢s troubles in making sense of the novel. 17 For our purposes, they serve to wed the reader’s quest for a literary meaning with Oedipal quest for self-discovery. As mentioned before, a major el meet within the reader and Oedipal quest is paranoia. Paranoia pushes the reader through the text. We are constantly led towards a conclusion, but then deceived. Our inability to decipher symbols relates to our inability to increase the communicative entropy of our world. Nevertheless, The Crying of Lot 49 succeeds in actively involving the reader within the text, a hallmark of postmodern literature. -Looked on bathroom wall again to find symbol. Asks playwright about bones. *More she looked into things more she saw in it (53/54) How to cite Crying of Lot, Papers

Leonhard Euler Essay Example For Students

Leonhard Euler Essay Leonhard EulerLeonhard Euler, (born April 15, 1707, died Sept. 18, 1783), was the mostprolific mathematician in history. His 866 books and articles represent aboutone third of the entire body of research on mathematics, theoretical physics,and engineering mechanics published between 1726 and 1800. In pure mathematics,he integrated Leibnizs differential calculus and Newtons method of fluxionsinto mathematical analysis; refined the notion of a function; made common manymathematical notations, including e, i, the pi symbol, and the sigma symbol; andlaid the foundation for the theory of special functions, introducing the betaand gamma transcendal functions. He also worked on the origins of the calculusof variations, but withheld his work in deference to J. L. Lagrange. He was apioneer in the field of topology and made number theory into a science, statingthe prime number theorem and the law of biquadratic reciprocity. In physics hearticulated Newtonian dynamics and laid the foundation of analytical mechanics,especially in his Theory of the Motions of Rigid Bodies (1765). Like his teacherJohann Bernoulli, he elaborated continuum mechanics, but he also set forth thekinetic theory of gases with the molecular model. With Alexis Clairaut hestudied lunar theory. He also did fundamental research on elasticity, acoustics,the wave theory of light, and the hydromechanics of ships. Euler was born in Basel, Switzerland. His father, a pastor, wanted hisson to follow in his footsteps and sent him to the University of Basel toprepare for the ministry, but geometry soon became his favorite subject. Throughthe intercession of Bernoulli, Euler obtained his fathers consent to change hismajor to mathematics. After failing to obtain a physics position at Basel in1726, he joined the St. Petersburg Academy of Science in 1727. When funds werewithheld from the academy, he served as a medical lieutenant in the Russian navyfrom 1727 to 1730. In St. Petersburg he boarded at the home of Bernoullis sonDaniel. He became professor of physics at the academy in 1730 and professor ofmathematics in 1733, when he married and left Bernoullis house. His reputationgrew after the publication of many articles and his book Mechanica (1736-37),which extensively presented Newtonian dynamics in the form of mathematicalanalysis for the first time. In 1741, Euler joined the Berlin Academy of Science, where he remainedfor 25 years. In 1744 he became director of the academys mathematics section. During his stay in Berlin, he wrote over 200 articles, three books onmathematical analysis, and a scientific popularization, Letters to a Princess ofGermany (3 vols., 1768-72). In 1755 he was elected a foreign member of the ParisAcademy of Science; during his career he received 12 of its prestigious biennialprizes. In 1766, Euler returned to Russia, after Catherine the Great had madehim a generous offer. At the time, Euler had been having differences withFrederick the Great over academic freedom and other matters. Frederick wasgreatly angered at his departure and invited Lagrange to replace him. In Russia,Euler became almost entirely blind after a cataract operation, but was able tocontinue with his research and writing. He had a phenomenal memory and was ableto dictate treatises on optics, algebra, and lunar motion. At his death in 1783,he left a vast backlog of articles. The St. Petersburg Academy continued topublish them for nearly 50 more years.

How to Decide Whether the (New) SAT or ACT is Right for You

For decades, test prep companies, tutors, and students have passed around maxims (sometimes bordering on mythological lore) that are intended to sort students into an SAT or an ACT box. Slow reader? Take the SAT! Good at science? Take the ACT!Well, there’s a new test in town from the College Board in 2016, and for students beginning to think about testing, the question now has become â€Å"Is the ACT or the NEW SAT better for me?† The Redesigned SAT (the â€Å"new† SAT) is pretty radically different from the old SAT: there’s no penalty for wrong answers, no testing of difficult vocabulary, and a new structure for every single section. With such drastic changes, students need new guidelines to help them figure out whether they are better suited for the new SAT or the ACT. But don’t panic yet: our friends at Magoosh Test Prep have done some seriously thorough analysis of both tests to help you make your decision. Timing and Pacing The SAT has always been less time-pressured than the ACT, and the Redesigned SAT is no different. The new SAT has 154 questions to complete in 3 hours, while the ACT has a whopping 215 questions to complete in 2 hours and 55 minutes. The ACT provides an additional 40 minutes to write the optional essay at the end while the SAT provides 50 minutes. On every single subject, the SAT allows more time per question than the ACT does. Granted, part of the reason for this bonus time is because many of the questions on the SAT are more complex, but this doesn’t take away from the fact that the ACT tends to feel like more of a sprint than the SAT. The ACT might be better for you if...you can read and process information quickly and can make fast decisions. Running out of time on a test in school has never been a problem for you. The SAT might be better for you ifyou have trouble finishing tests in time. You are prone to making mistakes when you are forced to move too quickly. English/Writing On the surface, the ACT English test and new SAT Writing test look almost identical. All of the questions are presented within the context of a passage. Basically, the idea is that you are editing a draft for someone else, fixing grammar errors and clarifying meaning as you go. Although the differences here are more subtle than in the other subjects ACT English might be for you if...your reading skills are not as strong. All of the passages are fairly easy readingaround a 9th grade reading level. On the SAT, you’ll see more variation in passage difficulty and some questions testing subtler grammar issues. SAT Writing might be for you ifyou are a stronger reader and have eyes like a hawk when you are peer editing a friend’s paper. It’s also for you if you are taking statistics or simply like informational graphicsyou’ll find a few questions that ask you to use tables or graphs in the passage to help you correct errors. Math Since both the ACT and the new SAT test more advanced math concepts such as trigonometry, radians, and complex numbers, the nature of the content probably won’t be the deciding factor for you on the math front. But the structure of the respective tests very well might be. ACT Math might be for you ifyou are reliant on your calculator or answer choices to help you solve problems. The SAT has both a no-calculator section and multiple grid-in questions that don’t provide answer choices. SAT Math might be for you ifyou need a little more time to solve math problems. On the ACT, you have to work at a pace of 1 minute per question. On the SAT, you’ll have 1 minute and 26 seconds for each question on the calculator portion and 1 minute 15 seconds per question on the non-calculator portion. Reading ACT Reading might be for you ifyou are a fast reader. The ACT passages are a little longer than SAT passages. Many questions will ask you about specific details that you need to locate in the passage, so you need the time to be able to do this after you read. SAT Reading might be for you ifyou are a strong literature student (meaning you like to read the â€Å"classics,† or, at the very least, you’re good at understanding them). All of the ACT passages are modern, but the new SAT has at least one or two classical texts, including one passage from a U.S. â€Å"Founding Document,† such as the Constitution or Federalist Papers, or a historical text from the â€Å"Great Global Conversation.† Science (only on the ACT) ACT Science might be for you ifyou like science and are good at interpreting charts and graphs. You are good at honing in on important data and answering questions quickly. The SAT might be for you if....you take a practice ACT Science section and it makes no sense to you whatsoever. The ACT Science section is WEIRD and probably unlike anything you’ve ever done before. It’s worth considering with an open mind, and this means testing it out and seeing how you do. Writing (optional on both ACT and New SAT) ACT Writing might be for you if...you are on the debate team or are simply great at winning arguments at the dinner table. The ACT essay asks you to analyze various perspectives on an issue and state your own case. SAT Writing might be for you ifyou’re good at analyzing texts. The SAT essay doesn’t ask you to present your own opinion, it asks you to explain how someone else supports their point of view. For many students, this is going to seem like a writing task much more like the ones they see in their English or history classes. So now what do you think? Are you an ACT student or a new SAT test? If one test is clearly jumping out at you, go with your gut and try a practice test. If you’re not happy with your baseline results, try a practice test of the other exam. That’s the beauty of having options. But once you decide, go all in. For most students, concentrating all of their energy on one test is going to lead to happier results than dividing efforts between two. Already take the tests and not sure where to apply? Check out our database of admitted students to see SAT and ACT scores from college students from all over. See where they got in, and find out how you can too.

Charles Lyell essays

Charles Lyell essays Charles Lyell was born on November 14, 1797 in Scotland. He was born into a family that had obtained a lot of wealth and was immediately set into the privileged class. He was the eldest of 10 siblings and had access to an extensive library. He later attended Exeter College, Oxford at the age of 19 with hopes to follow another promising career, law. However, he was unable to pursue his initial path and thus threw himself into the world of geology. He moved to London and became a very active member of the Geological Society. He was extremely opinionated and enjoyed debating about the credibility of things such as the great flood from the bible. He was an open opponent to the popular diluvial position. He believed that by witnessing the action of the environment today, it was possible to view what had happened in the future. His view is what is now known as Uniformitarian. He believed the other theories were biased and based off of stories written in the bible, not science. Because of this belief he became an active supporter of J.B. Lamarck, who is famous for his theories about evolution. Most commonly known for his idea that each generation of giraffe has a longer neck because his parent stretched theirs and passed the gene on to their offspring, Lamarcks career received a giant boost due to Lyells interest in his work. What is even more astounding is that the giraffe example came about through Lyell explaining Lamarcks theory, not from Lamarck himself. In his book The Principles of Geology: Being an attempt to explain the Former Changes of the Earths Surface, by Reference to Causes now in Operation, he began to describe things such as metamorphic rocks. It also detailed the changes that rocks go through and their reaction to pressure and heat. Furthermore, he emphasized that small changes over time could ultimately lead up to large changes. The book was originally released in...

The Myth of Conflict Between Science and Religion Essay

The Myth of Conflict Between Science and Religion - Essay Example Conflict seems to be the most common interaction between religion and science. The two seem to conflict on nearly everything including conclusions such as the origin of man, the origin of diseases, and heliocentric solar system, as well as on how they arrive at their respective conclusions (Brooke and Numbers, 2011). Their conflict seem to emanate from what they rely on for their respective beliefs; religion relies on authority of supernatural being and truth that is supposed to be eternal and universal, while science relies on authority whose source is reasoning and evidence that are subject to challenge. It is this nature of conflict that informs the assertion by Ronald Numbers that the greatest myth in the history of religion and science holds that they have been in a constant conflict state (Numbers, 2009). There has been a raging debate regarding this assertion, with some agreeing with it, while others disagreeing. This essay will discuss how the history of religion and science has been in a state of constant conflict as argued by Ronald Numbers. The argument will be supported through a discussion of Newton, Einstein, and Darwin. The brilliant work of Isaac Newton in the seventeenth century gave rise to issues that strained the relationship between religion and science at that time and in subsequent years (Harrison, 2010). Newton’s arguments have been used by many scientists in their works and have been some of the greatest causes of the conflict between science and religion. Newton modeled the celestial bodies (the sun, earth, and moon) behavior through means that are largely mechanical by posting that the force of gravity was the only force responsible for terrestrial phenomena (Newton, 1953). His model postulated that terrestrial phenomena like the falling of heavy bodies to earth and celestial phenomena like the orbit of the earth around the sun was as a result of the force of gravity. He brilliantly combined his observation with mathematical mo del to formulate three famous motion laws: that a force of strength applied to a mass body leads to acceleration; that every action is paired with an opposite and equal reaction; and that a body at rest will always stay at rest, while a body in motion will keep being in uniform motion, unless an external force acts on it (Newton, 1953). The powerful and comprehensive work of Newton significantly contributed to the field of science as his principles account for a number of natural phenomena. Although he frequently argued that in the absence of a materially-mediated force, God might be directly responsible for gravitational force, he never categorically stated that the system of nature required God (Brooke and Numbers, 2011). His success and continued success in the field of success is viewed by many scientists as an argument for atheism. According to most of them, no one has any reason to believe that God exists, if God is not needed to explain the world’s behavior since mecha nical and scientific principles can. However, religious arguments conflicts the science arguments as postulated by Newton (Morris, 1974). Contrary to Newton’s arguments, religion holds that God exists and he is the force behind everything including the terrestrial and celestial phenomena. Also, religion is of the view that the behavior of the world in the past and in present times can only be understood by inferring to a Supreme Being and not science. Besides, religion conflicts Newton’s arguments by arguing that the world’s complexity spoke in favor of the existence of God

Taxation Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Taxation Master - Case Study Example On the other hand, in computing tax liability of corporations, we use the Financial Year. Financial Year runs from 1 April in one year and ends on 31 March of the following year. For taxation purposes, taxable profits by a corporation for Financial Year 2008 are those obtained from 1 April 2008 to 31 March 2009. Income tax is a tax on income. Not all income is taxable and you're only taxed on 'taxable income' above a certain level. Even then, there are other reliefs and allowances that can reduce your Income Tax Bill - and in some cases mean you have no tax to pay ("Income Tax - the Basics"). Non - taxable income are certain sorts of income that you never pay on tax. These include certain benefits, income tax exempt accounts, Working Tax Credit (WTC) and premium bond wins. These income sources are ignored altogether when working out and how much Income Tax you may need to pay. ("Income Tax - the basics") Married Couple's Allowance (includes civil partnership)- if you are married or in a civil partnership, you or your partner may get Married Couple's Allowance (MCA) if you are living together and you and your spouse or civil partner were born before 6 April 1935. The amount you will receive depends on the age of the oldest spouse/civil partner and the level of claimant's income. Your tax bill will be reduced by ten per cent (10%) of the amount of the MCA you can claim. ("Introduction to tax allowances and reliefs") Other allowances, reliefs and expenses You can get tax relief for different expenses, depending whether you are an employee or director or self-employed. If you are an employee or a director, you can get tax relief for business expenses you have paid for and if: they were for the cost of travelling you had to do in doing your job, and other expenses you

The Psychology and the History of Quebec Nationalism Essay

The Psychology and the History of Quebec Nationalism - Essay Example "While nationalism does not necessarily arise in all nations, it, nevertheless, cannot exist without the context of the existence of a nation."2 Quebec is a nation that has repeatedly attempted to separate from Canada. Specifically, they are seeking to independence from Canada while retaining an economic partnership. Quebec was founded in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain, became an English colony in 1763, was reestablished with French law in 1774, divided by the English in 1791, and reunited by the Act of the Union in 1840. Since then, Quebec has been in a constant battle with Canada to become its own nation. Recently, Canada has opposed all efforts and even some compromises of Quebec's drive for separation.3 In order to examine this issue within the context of Quebec, one must examine it from both an historical and a psychological perspective. The historical perspective will trace the significant developments within this struggle and analyze its historical (including legislative and judicial) issues and impacts. In addition, the psychological perspective will examine the underlying ideas of the conflict on a behavioral and socio/personal basis. Integrating these two approaches will effectively paint an overall picture of the political and social aspects involved with Quebec's battle for a national identity. __________________ 1. Belanger, Claude,(2000),Events, Issues, and Concepts of Quebec History: Quebec Nationalism. Quebec History. Available from: Http://www2.marianopolis.edu/ quebechistory/events/natpart1.htm 2. Belanger 3. Perspective and History of Quebec Nationalism, UNI, Available from: http://www.uni.ca/history.html History of the Conflict It is impossible to analyze and issue of politics without first setting up its historical canvas. Before the mid 1900s, most nationalistic movements in Canada had to do with French Canadians as a whole rather than specifically Quebec nationalism. In 1962 Jean Lesage requested that Quebec be granted a type of "special status"; Daniel Johnson asked that proposed an establishment of "associated states" in 1967; Robert Bourassa asked that Quebec be given "distinct society" status in 1970, 1973 and 1976. All met with failure.4 Following this was the 1976 election of the Parti Quebecois. This party held a referendum in 1980 that sought to negotiate a political sovereignty from and an economic association with Canada. The people voted it down by a measure of 60/40. Many interpret this failure as a result of the belief in false promises of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau. In fact, the federal government repatriated its own constitution which enabled Canada to then make modifications to it. The federal government did not reach this agreement with the provinces but on its own. It took effect in 1982 even though Quebec vociferously opposed it because it limited Quebec's ability to control matters of language and culture. Quebec has never signed this constitution. 5 In an attempt at compromise, Quebec asked the federal government to consider five clauses to be added to its constitution in a 1990 vote. These clauses became known as the Meech Lake Accord, and passing them would have allowed Quebec to sign the Canadian constitution. Two provinces refused to agree to the Meech Lake Ac

Warrington Environmental Pollution and Soil Health Risks

Warrington Environmental Pollution and Soil Health Risks Report on the environmental pollution and human health risks of soils in the former industrial area of Woolston, Warrington. 2.Introduction: As a result of rapid population growth followed by intense industrial activity and petrochemical development soils have suffered from contamination with substances of various origins (E.M.Garcia et al,2015).As a result of rapid industrialisation of cities such as Manchester, newly constructed canals were built all over the UK in order to increase trade as well as the exportation of goods. In the 1820s, a new canal was established along the river Mersey with the purpose of shortening the route of navigation through the meandering Mersey. 3.Study site. According to Warrington borough council, the New Cut Canal was opened in 1821. This 2km long canal was built in order to improve the Mersey and Irwell navigation by creating a shortcut for barges carrying goods between Liverpool and Manchester. Historical ordnance survey maps from 1907 show an adjacent chemical works, a large tannery, a slaughter house, a metal works and a gunpowder mill. Sustained industrial activity meant that the canal sediment was undoubtedly polluted by spillages from ships and industrial effluents (Hartley and Dickinson,2010). Following the establishment of the Manchester shipping canal the New Cut Canal began to decline until it was left derelict (Warrington borough council) and eventually the Canal was disconnected from the river and abandoned in 1978 (Hartley and Dickinson,2010). In that year, it was decided that the site was to be used for tipping under emergency procedures to deposit road construction rubble (Hartley and Dickinson ,2010). Following this history, it has been estimated that the site contains 9800 tonnes of polluted anoxic sediment. It is known that this polluted sediment contains elevated levels of TPHs (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons), PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) followed by highly elevated concentrations of metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr and Ni) and Arsenic (As) (Hartley and Dickinson,2010). 4.Methods: 4.1. Methods out in the field. 4.1.1 Soil samples To determine the degree of soil contamination at the site, soil samples were taken at various points along the New Cut Canal site. It was decided that a systematic sampling method would be used in order to record an adequate amount of data for the investigation. This sampling method had been chosen as it allowed one to determine the spatial pattern of contamination whilst limiting human errors (O1). Whilst at the site, transects had been established along the New Cut Canal site. Transects were established along a 700-metre stretch of the canal and each transect had been separated by 70 meters. In total there was 10 transects and along each transect,6 soil samples were taken approximately every 10 meters from the Northernmost point of the canal to the southernmost point closest to the river Mersey. Soil samples from each sampling point were taken just below the surface but in order to prevent large organic materials from interfering with the soil investigations later it was decided that each sample should be taken and the large organic matter (Roots etc.) should be removed. This was done using a measuring tape and a spade. The soil samples had been gathered in plastic bags. 4.2. Conductivity and resistivity values within the soil surrounding New Cut Canal. 4.2.1. Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) using ERT (Electrical Resistivity Tomography) The ERI was used to show the potential mobility of trace and toxic metals within the soil by analysing conductivity data from the ERT and the EM-31. Conductivity measurements were taken using an ERT along a single transect measuring 35 metres between the New Cut Canal site and the river Mersey. The ERT takes conductivity measurements through a series of electrodes which are placed into the ground. Once these electrodes had been implanted and connected to each other via multi core cables a current was then injected into the ground through these electrodes and as the current passed through the soil resistivity measurements were taken. Changes in conductivity reflect variations in subsurface materials and higher conductivity readings are associated with higher metal concentrations in soil pore waters. Figure 1: Below is an image that shows the standard setup of ERT. In this investigation the electrodes were inserted into the ground at distances of 2 meters apart. The transect of electrodes covered an area between the New Cut Canal and the river Mersey and was carried out at an angle of 0 ° (North to South). Image from Terra Dat:   http://terradat.co.uk/survey-methods/resistivity-tomography/ 4.2.2. Geonics EM-31 Ground Conductivity meter ERT maps out the geological variations associated with changes in conductivity (Exploration instruments) as well as the EM-31. Unlike the ERT, the EM-31 gathers its readings by creating an electromagnetic field in the air using a coil wire which is separated from a receiver coil by 3.66 meters. The transmitted energy propagates into the subsurface where a second electromagnetic field is created due to the effect of soil moisture, conductive earth materials and other buried objects (Reynolds international,2011). The EM-31 is useful to this investigation as it can take conductivity measurements below 2 meters of the Earths surface. The data collected by both the EM-31 and the ERT could then be combined to determine changes in conductivity up to a depth of 3-4 meters. 4.3. Soil sample experiments in the lab 4.3.1. Determining total metal concentrations Following the onsite extraction of soils samples, they were then taken to the lab for further processing. Before any more investigations were conducted the soil samples were dried in an oven at 40 °C for 48 hours in order to remove all of the moisture.   Oven drying the sediment is crucial in this type of investigation as one can only compare the dry weight to the Soil Guideline Values (SGVs) (DEFRA, 2002). Once they had been dried, the soil samples were then processed further in order to analyse the total metal concentrations (Pb,Zn,Cr and As), bioavailability of those metals, organic matter content and soil pH. Soil samples were then sieved so that larger particles greater than 2mm in diameter were removed.   After the samples had been sieved, analysis of the bioavailability of metals was conducted. 10g of sieved sediment was then added to a conical where 50mL of 0.5mol acetic acid was added using a measuring cylinder. Once the acid was added the flask was sealed with Parafil m and placed onto an orbital shaker for 30 minutes. Whilst the samples were shaken, 2 30mL universal sample tubes were prepped (2 for every sample) and a Whatman no 1 filter paper was added to each of the tubes. After the cylinder samples had been shaken, they were left to stand for 10 minutes in order for the contents to settle (Beneficial to the investigation as it sped up the filtering process). Following 10 minutes, the supernatant liquid in the cylinder was then added into the universal sample tubes through the filter paper. Once one of the tubes was full the second one was then introduced to the filtering process. Eventually both universal tubes were sealed and then analysis of the metal concentrations was conducted by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). 4.3.2. Determining organic matter (OM) content Secondly, organic matter content needed to be measured, this was done using the loss on ignition method. This process began with the weighing of an empty porcelain crucible (W1). Soil was then added until it filled the crucible and was then weighed (W2). The air-dry weight was then determined by using the following calculation W2-W1. The minute that this was done the crucibles for each of the samples was then oven-dried at a temperature of 105 °C overnight and then placed in a desiccator the following morning. Afterwards, the samples were then measured again (W3). The crucibles were then placed into a muffle furnace and ignited at 450 °C for 8 hours and left to cool on a sand tray. After this, the crucibles were weighed again (W4). This was done to burn off any of the Organic Matter (OM) content. Muffled weight was then determined by using this calculation, W4-W1. The final method involved a simple calculation, shown below: OM content (% of dry sediment) = [oven dry weight (g) muffled weight (g) / oven dry weight (g)] x 100 4.3.3. Determining soil pH To begin with 10g of soil was added to a beaker using a spatula where it would then be mixed with 25mL of deionised water using a measuring cylinder. The beaker was then stirred well until all of the material had been suspended (To allow the contents to mix) shortly followed by a 15-minute period whereby the beaker was left to stand. Following the 15-minute period a pH strip was dipped into each of the samples. Using a pH reference card, the colours recorded on each of the pH papers was noted. 4.3.4. Determining Total (T) metal concentrations using XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy) Finally, 10g of each sample was added into a small plastic bag and then shaken until all of the soil reached the bottom. The bag was then placed onto the test bed and then the XRF machine determined the % values of Pb, Zn, Cr and As. 5. Results 5.1. Figure 2: The table below shows all of the data collected from the field as well as metal concentrations in mg/kg-1 for each of the soils samples. OM or organic matter was measured in grams. Total Chromium concentrations when analysed however the concentrations were too low when measured using X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF). SiteID x y OM pH PbT ZnT CrT PbB ZnB CrB A1 363081 389035 4.66 5.50 29.00 199.00 nd 0.01 12.71 0.21 A2 363081 388969 14.81 5.80 15.00 80.00 nd 0.09 1.90 0.20 A3 363087 388919 15.28 6.00 20.00 130.00 nd 0.01 11.95 0.26 A4 363064 388867 6.26 4.70 645.00 417.00 nd 2.44 35.99 0.45 A5 363070 388823 10.67 4.50 40.00 205.00 nd 0.18 5.87 0.17 A6 363079 388737 8.76 4.50 58.00 299.00 nd 1.05 19.16 0.04 B1 363137 389021 23.24 5.00 178.00 32.00 nd 0.41 26.42 0.18 B2 363139 388973 6.83 5.00 79.00 16.00 nd 0.01 0.01 0.18 B3 363140 388941 7.02 5.00 126.00 24.00 nd 0.01 5.37 0.16 B4 363145 388882 13.11 4.70 128.00 27.00 nd 0.01 9.92 0.11 B5 363160 388808 10.16 4.70 96.00 26.00 nd 0.30 10.23 0.15 B6 363186 388731 13.57 4.70 184.00 32.00 nd 0.00 9.57 0.18 C1 363196 388941 9.10 4.70 73.00 21.00 nd 1.55 8.20 0.22 C2 363194 388975 10.60 5.00 107.00 19.00 nd 0.01 11.02 0.31 C3 363185 389022 11.20 5.00 79.00 24.00 nd 0.15 10.72 0.24 C4 363205 388828 13.10 4.70 75.00 20.00 nd 0.01 9.09 0.12 C5 363201 388854 8.90 4.70 93.00 20.00 nd 0.26 11.13 0.12 C6 363187 388888 9.60 4.40 95.00 24.00 nd 0.01 8.71 0.16 D1 363251 388969 7.51 6.10 126.00 298.00 nd 0.69 61.88 0.41 D2 363250 388965 10.55 5.80 111.00 278.00 nd 0.01 17.75 0.20 D3 363256 388999 11.45 5.50 109.00 312.00 nd 0.16 18.38 0.16 D4 363247 388907 12.92 6.10 32.00 45.00 nd 4.75 36.60 0.37 D5 363250 388898 9.32 5.00 34.00 56.00 nd 4.50 25.35 0.30 D6 363252 388887 3.86 4.40 23.00 32.00 nd 4.59 27.91 0.34 E1 363398 388984 7.70 5.50 38.00 298.00 nd 0.52 21.28 0.17 E2 363389 388997 8.90 5.90 55.00 433.00 nd 0.21 25.96 0.22 E3 363380 389003 5.60 5.10 38.00 532.00 nd 0.01 3.60 0.15 E4 363445 388929 11.20 4.50 21.00 56.00 nd 0.11 0.01 0.09 E5 363444 388919 11.90 5.10 19.00 48.00 nd 0.58 0.42 0.09 E6 363447 388907 12.10 5.20 33.00 63.00 nd 1.22 5.42 0.14 F1 363519 388982 9.77 5.80 33.00 225.00 nd 2.01 11.29 0.63 F2 363510 389010 11.16 5.50 22.00 134.00 nd 0.37 16.08 0.35 F3 363512 389029 5.70 6.50 55.00 489.00 nd 0.07 23.22 0.17 F4 363519 388973 6.89 5.00 37.00 220.00 nd 1.75 16.22 0.58 F5 363525 388946 6.18 4.70 21.00 80.00 nd 0.01 0.01 0.14 F6 363533 388923 6.75 4.40 20.00 52.00 nd 0.01 2.59 0.12 G1 363573 389056 21.17 5.80 43.00 287.00 nd 0.00 13.66 0.41 G2 363564 389032 12.76 5.50 45.00 289.00 nd 0.01 10.49 0.44 G3 363561 389022 8.53 7.00 32.00 212.00 nd 0.09 9.90 0.34 G4 363564 389001 8.32 5.00 23.00 176.00 nd 0.07 2.10 0.15 G5 363559 389022 6.67 4.70 21.00 76.00 nd 0.05 2.30 0.17 G6 363569 388965 8.35 4.70 19.00 34.00 nd 0.03 2.10 0.18 H1 363685 389056 6.26 6.50 1047.00 1639.00 nd 16.57 49.79 0.67 H2 363674 389036 2.22 5.50 49.00 1156.00 nd 0.17 38.15 0.22 H3 363669 389016 3.01 5.30 46.00 153.00 nd 8.73 23.47 0.44 H4 363632 388981 4.96 5.00 23.00 77.00 nd 0.24 2.97 0.06 H5 363631 388971 7.34 5.00 31.00 143.00 nd 0.46 6.01 0.11 H6 363632 388959 4.84 5.00 48.00 78.00 nd 2.44 0.64 0.13 I1 363697 389018 21.17 5.80 32.00 819.00 nd 0.74 40.06 0.39 I2 363703 389044 12.76 5.50 51.00 483.00 nd 1.65 32.53 0.60 I3 363694 389078 8.53 7.00 32.00 202.00 nd 2.10 25.27 0.81 I4 363718 388982 8.32 5.00 23.00 91.00 nd 0.48 9.23 0.12 I5 363720 388981 6.67 4.70 19.00 68.00 nd 0.01 0.01 0.05 I6 363723 388978 8.35 4.70 31.00 126.00 nd 0.01 7.46 0.09 J1 363775 389003 6.26 6.50 33.00 224.00 nd 2.22 26.49 0.80 J2 363770 389053 2.22 5.50 24.00 104.00 nd 0.01 0.37 0.13 J3 363767 389104 3.01 5.30 36.00 401.00 nd 0.40 25.69 0.33 J4 363771 388972 4.96 5.00 24.00 176.00 nd 0.01 10.96 0.18 J5 363771 388973 7.34 5.00 23.00 128.00 nd 0.01 11.93 0.19 J6 363772 388970 4.84 5.00 17.00 79.00 nd 0.01 4.30 0.09 Figure 3: The image below shows the spatial pattern of Lead (Pb) contamination across the New Cut Canal site. The image was created using Arc Map software. It is clear that the highest levels of Pb were found around sample site A3-5 and H1-2. Figure 4: The image below shows the spatial pattern of Zinc (Zn) contamination across the New Cut Canal site. The image was created using Arc Map software. Based on the spatial image, it is clear that the highest levels of Zn were found around sampling sites H1 and H2. Figure 5: The image below shows the spatial pattern of pH levels across the New Cut Canal site. The image was created using Arc Map. The most acidic pH readings were located towards the Southwest of the site whereas pH readings in the Eastern part of the sampling site increased to a pH of 5.3 and above. Figure 6: The graph below represents the changes in the Total (T) metal concentrations of various metals as well as indicating how bio available these metals are in the area. Figure 7: The stacked column below allows one to determine the bioavailability of Zinc as a percentage when compared to its total (T) metal concentrations for each of the sample sites. Upon observing the data, it is clear that (in terms of percentage) Zn bioav

Phantom Warriors :: essays research papers

Title: Phantom Warriors ,book 1 Author: Garry A.Linderer Main characters: many LRRP’s LRP’s and Ranger nits in Vietnam   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Summary: The book I read was about LRRP’s (long range reconnaissance patrol) , LRP’s (long range patrols) , and Ranger units in Vietnam. The book told stories of several different types of operations in the units most challenging times. The job of a unit of this type was to infiltrate a designated RA( recon area) stealth like as possible with a four to seven man team (sometimes larger). Once on the ground a team would set up an OP ( observation post) and would always try and remain undetected. Because of the small number of size an LRP would always avoid contact with the enemy but , the book proved to me that when confrontation was inevitable the special forces units proved themselves a truly deadly force. I would say at least ninety percent of the time LRP’s would find themselves out numbered in a confrontation. If at all possible they would try and escape but sometimes fighting your way out was the only way. The LRRP Detactchment, 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division had a problem like this. Staff Sergeant Papy Lynch and his team where patrolling a high activity area when there team was abutted by fifteen or twenty Viet Cong. Off the bat three men went down two seriously injured and the other shot in the head. There six man team was then a three man team. The two men at camp where busy fending off the invaders while one man that was off doing his â€Å"business† was finding his way back. He too was cought up in the unexpected fire and went down. Staff Sergeant Lynch called in the coordinates and after the ammo and grenades where almost out , air support showed up. Most of the VC where killed or ran away in fear of â€Å"Death from Above†. This was one of the most heroic stories in the book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weaknesses: This was a good book. I couldn’t find many weaknesses at all . The one thing I did notice was the similarity in each of the stories. It seamed liked the same thing would happen in a row. The team would usually end up running from a force of